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Detection of Design
What's going on? Imagine a room in which a body
lies crushed, flat as a pancake. A dozen detectives crawl around,
examining the floor with magnifying glasses for any clue to the identity
of the perpetrator. In the middle of the room next to the body stands a
large, gray elephant. The detectives carefully avoid bumping into the
pachyderm's legs as they crawl, and never even glance at it. Over time
the detectives get frustrated with their lack of progress but resolutely
press on, looking even more closely at the floor. You see, textbooks say
detectives must "get their man," so they never consider elephants.
There is an elephant in the roomful of scientists
who are trying to explain the development of life. The elephant is
labeled "intelligent design." To a person who does not feel obliged to
restrict his search to unintelligent causes, the straightforward
conclusion is that many biochemical systems were designed. They were
designed not by the laws of nature, not by chance and necessity. Rather,
they were planned. The designer knew what the systems would look like
when they were completed; the designer took steps to bring the systems
about. Life on earth at its most fundamental level, in its most critical
components, is the product of intelligent activity.
The conclusion of intelligent design flows
naturally from the data itself, not from sacred books or sectarian
beliefs. Inferring that biochemical systems were designed by an
intelligent agent is a humdrum process that requires no new principles
of logic or science. It comes simply from the hard work that
biochemistry has done over the past forty years, combined with
consideration of the way in which we reach conclusions of design every
day.
What is "design"? Design is simply the purposeful
arrangement of parts. The scientific question is how we detect design.
This can be done in various ways, but design can most easily be inferred
for mechanical objects. While walking through a junkyard you might
observe separated bolts and screws and bits of plastic and glass, most
scattered, some piled on top of each other, some wedged together.
Suppose you saw a pile that seemed particularly compact, and when you
picked up a bar sticking out of the pile, the whole pile came along with
it. When you pushed on the bar it slid smoothly to one side of the pile
and pulled an attached chain along with it. The chain in turn yanked a
gear which turned three other gears which turned a red-and-white striped
rod, spinning it like a barber pole. You quickly conclude that the pile
was not a chance accumulation of junk, but was designed, was put
together in that order by an intelligent agent, because you see that the
components of the system interact with great specificity to do
something.
It is not only artificial mechanical systems for
which design can easily be concluded. Systems made entirely from natural
components can also evince design. For example, suppose you are walking
with a friend in the woods. All of a sudden your friend is pulled high
in the air and left dangling by his foot from a vine attached to a tree
branch. After cutting him down you reconstruct the trap. You see that
the vine was wrapped around the tree branch, and the end pulled tightly
down to the ground. It was securely anchored to the ground by a forked
branch. The branch was attached to another vine, hidden by leaves so
that, when the trigger-vine was disturbed, it would pull down the forked
stick, releasing the spring-vine. The end of the vine formed a loop with
a slipknot to grab an appendage and snap it up into the air. Even though
the trap was made completely of natural materials you would quickly
conclude that it was the product of intelligent design. |
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